1.
An experiment on a species of small freshwater fish recorded their
behavioral responses to different
temperatures.
Ten fish were each tested once, one at a time.
To
begin the experiment, a fish was removed from a stock tank
(maintained at 22∞C) and placed in the
temperature-gradient
tank drawn below. After the fish had spent 30 minutes in the
temperature-gradient tank, the
section
where the fish was located was recorded. Additional observations were
recorded every 5 minutes, for a
total
of 7 observations per fish. A summary of the combined data for all 10
fish appears below.
(a)
On the axes provided, construct the appropriate type of
labeled graph showing the relationship between
water
temperature and fish distribution. Summarize the outcome of
the experiment.
(b)
Identify TWO variables that were not specifically controlled
in the experimental design, and describe how
these
variables might have affected the outcome of the experiment.
c.
Discuss TWO ways that water temperature could affect the
physiology of the fish in this experiment.
2.
ATP and GTP are primary sources of energy for biochemical reactions.
(a)
Describe the structure of the ATP or the GTP molecule.
(b)
Explain how chemiosmosis produces ATP.
(c)
Describe TWO specific cell processes that require ATP and
explain how ATP is used in each process.
(d)
An energy pyramid for a marine ecosystem is shown below. Label
each trophic level of the pyramid and
provide
an example of a marine organism found at each level of this pyramid.
Explain why the energy
available
at the top layer of the pyramid is a small percentage of the energy
present at the bottom of the
pyramid.
3.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
(a)
The evolution of a species is dependent on changes in the genome of
the species. Identify
TWO
mechanisms of genetic change, and explain how each affects
genetic variation.
(b)
Based on the data in the table below, draw a phylogenetic tree
that reflects the evolutionary relationships
of
the organisms based on the differences in their cytochrome c
amino-acid sequences and explain the
relationships
of the organisms. Based on the data, identify which organism
is most closely related to the
chicken
and explain your choice.
(c)
Describe TWO types of evidence—other than the comparison of
proteins—that can be used to determine
the
phylogeny of organisms. Discuss one strength of each type of
evidence you described.
4.
The flow of genetic information from DNA to protein in eukaryotic
cells is called the central dogma of biology.
(a)
Explain the role of each of the following in protein synthesis
in eukaryotic cells.
• RNA
polymerase
• Spliceosomes
(snRNPs)
• Codons
• Ribosomes
• tRNA
(b)
Cells regulate both protein synthesis and protein activity. Discuss
TWO specific mechanisms of protein
regulation
in eukaryotic cells.
(c)
The central dogma does not apply to some viruses. Select a
specific virus or type of virus and explain how it
deviates from the
central dogma.
1.
Describe how a plasmid can be genetically
modified to include a piece of foreign DNA that alters the phenotype
of
bacterial cells transformed with the modified plasmid. Describe a
procedure to determine which bacterial
cells
have been successfully transformed.
2.
Discuss the patterns of sexual reproduction in plants. Compare
and contrast reproduction in nonvascular plants
with
that in flowering plants. Include the following topics in your
discussion:
(a)
alternation of generations
(b)
mechanisms that bring female and male gametes together
(c)
mechanisms that disperse offspring to new locations
3.
Water is essential to all living things.
(a)
Discuss THREE properties of water.
(b)
Explain each of the following in terms of the properties of
water. You are not limited to the three properties
discussed
in part (a):
• the
role of water as a medium for the metabolic processes of cells
• the
ability of water to moderate temperature within living organisms and
in organisms’ environments
• the
movement of water from the roots to the leaves of plants
4.
Many organisms require a continuing source of oxygen for respiration.
Discuss important structural and
physiological
adaptations for oxygen uptake in THREE of the following:
• a
paramecium
• a
tree
• a
fish
• a mammal
2.
Consumers in aquatic ecosystems depend on producers for nutrition.
(a)
Explain the difference between gross and net primary
productivity.
(b)
Describe a method to determine net and gross primary
productivity in a freshwater pond over
a
24-hour period.
In
an experiment, net primary productivity was measured, in the early
spring, for water samples taken
from
different depths of a freshwater pond in a temperate deciduous
forest.
(c)
Explain the data presented by the graph,
including a description of the relative rates of metabolic
processes
occurring at different depths of the pond.
(d)
Describe how the relationship between net primary productivity
and depth would be expected to differ
if
new data were collected in mid-summer from the same pond. Explain
your prediction.
3.
Regulation is an important aspect of all biological processes.
For
FOUR of the following processes, describe the specific role of
the regulator and discuss how the process
will
be altered if the regulation is disrupted.
Process
Regulator
Cell
cycle Cyclin
Metabolic
rate Thyroxine
Ovarian
cycle Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prey
population dynamics Predators
Ecological
succession Fire
1.
Measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) are used to determine primary
productivity in bodies of water.
• Explain
the relationship of dissolved oxygen to primary productivity.
• How
would the predicted levels of DO differ in each of the following
pairs of water samples? Provide
support
for your prediction. Be sure to include a discussion of net
productivity and gross productivity in
your
answer.
I.
Pond water at 25°C vs. pond water at 15°C
II.
Pond water placed in the dark for 24 hours vs. pond water placed in
light for 24 hours
2.
Many biological structures are composed of smaller units assembled
into more complex structures having
functions
based on their structural organization.
For
THREE of the following complex structures, describe the smaller
units, their assembly into the larger
structures,
and one major function of these larger, organized structures.
(a)
A eukaryotic chromosome
(b)
A mature angiosperm root
(c)
A colony of bees
(d)
An inner membrane of a mitochondrion
(e)
An enzyme
3.
Evolution is one of the unifying themes of biology. Evolution
involves change in the frequencies of alleles in
a
population. For a particular genetic locus in a population, the
frequency of the recessive allele (a) is 0.4 and
the
frequency of the dominant allele (A) is 0.6.
(a)
What is the frequency of each genotype (AA, Aa, aa) in this
population? What is the frequency of
the
dominant phenotype?
(b)
How can the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium be used
to determine whether this
population
is evolving?
(c)
Identify a particular environmental change and describe how it might
alter allelic frequencies in
this
population. Explain which condition of the Hardy-Weinberg principle
would not be met.
4.
Scientists use the concept of homology in identifying evolutionary
relationships among organisms. Features
shared
by two groups of organisms are said to be homologous if the
similarities reflect shared ancestry.
Homology
is found in comparisons of structural, molecular, biochemical,
developmental, physiological, and
behavioral
characteristics of organisms. Select THREE of the following
hypotheses and explain TWO examples
of
homology that support each hypothesis.
(a)
Chloroplasts are related to photosynthetic prokaryotes.
(b)
Spiders and insects are closely related.
(c)
Echinoderms (sea stars and their relatives) are closely related to
the chordates (the phylum that includes
vertebrates).
(d)
Reptiles and birds are closely related.
(e) Humans and
chimpanzees are closely related primates.
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Wed Aug 08, 2012 9:07 pm by 
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